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除菌过滤器(0.2μm+0.1μm)","bipura-dsr-chu-jun-guo-lv-qi-0-2-m-0-1-m",{"id":166,"title":167,"slug":168},158,"Bipura®DER 除菌过滤器(0.45μm+0.1μm)","bipura-der-chu-jun-guo-lv-qi-0-45-m-0-1-m-0",[170,174],{"id":171,"title":172,"slug":173},165,"PRET™ SP14","pret-sp14",{"id":175,"title":176,"slug":177},164,"PRET™ SP 气体除菌过滤器(0.2μm)","pret-sp-qi-ti-chu-jun-guo-lv-qi-0-2-m",[179],{"id":180,"title":181,"slug":182},168,"PREF™ TP 系列过滤器","pref-tp-xi-lie-guo-lv-qi",[184,188],{"id":185,"title":186,"slug":187},171,"BiviroX® Pre 除病毒预过滤器","bivirox-pre-chu-bing-du-yu-guo-lv-qi",{"id":189,"title":190,"slug":191},170,"BiviroX® 除病毒过滤器","bivirox-chu-bing-du-guo-lv-qi",[193],{"id":194,"title":195,"slug":196},175,"BiFluxa®Ⅱ代平板式切向流过滤膜包","bifluxa-dai-ping-ban-shi-qie-xiang-liu-guo-lv-mo-bao",[198,202,206],{"id":199,"title":200,"slug":201},76,"验证服务","yan-zheng-fu-wu",{"id":203,"title":204,"slug":205},112,"工艺开发","gong-yi-kai-fa",{"id":207,"title":208,"slug":209},111,"仪器服务","yi-qi-fu-wu",{"breadCrumbs":211,"content":212,"cover":213,"createTime":214,"description":215,"id":216,"nextDetail":217,"preDetail":221,"relatedNews":225,"relatedNewsDetailList":227,"slug":242,"sort":23,"status":43,"title":215,"type":28,"updateTime":243},null,"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">膜分离现象的观察可以追溯到17世纪，‌当时科学家们开始注意到一些自然现象，‌如渗透现象。‌1748年，法国学者J.A. Nollet在实验中观察到水能自然地扩散到装有酒精溶液的猪膀胱内，‌这一发现标志着人类对膜与膜过程的最早期研究。‌随后，‌R.J.H. Dutrochet在1828年定义了渗透现象，‌1887年J.H. Van’t Hoff提出了渗透公式和理想溶液理论。‌这些早期的研究为膜科学的发展奠定了基础。‌之后，膜科学与技术逐渐发展壮大，从基础理论的研究到人工膜的研发，‌再到广泛应用的过程，最终形成了一门多学科交叉的高新技术和产业，‌并广泛的应用于水资源、生物医药、食品、石化、环保等领域，对现代社会和工业生产了深远影响。\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">膜分离技术是指在分子水平上不同粒径分子的混合物在通过\u003C/span>\u003Ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" onclick=\"()=>{console.log("click aaaaa=>>>")}\" href=\"https://baike.baidu.com/item/半透膜/6117932?fromModule=lemma_inlink\">\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">半透膜\u003C/span>\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">（\u003C/span>\u003Ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" onclick=\"()=>{console.log("click aaaaa=>>>")}\" href=\"https://baike.baidu.com/item/分离膜/6295509?fromModule=lemma_inlink\">\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">分离膜\u003C/span>\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">或滤膜）时，实现选择性分离的技术。根据分离膜的\u003C/span>\u003Ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" onclick=\"()=>{console.log("click aaaaa=>>>")}\" href=\"https://baike.baidu.com/item/孔径/2457293?fromModule=lemma_inlink\">\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">孔径\u003C/span>\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">大小可以分为：微滤膜（MF）、超滤膜（UF）、纳滤膜（NF）、反渗透膜（RO）等。压力驱动膜过程的分离特性，如图1所示。通常可根据不同的目标分子的尺寸，选择合适孔径的分离膜，实现高效分离。而根据膜材料的不同，可分为有机膜和无机膜。有机膜是由高分子材料做成的，如\u003C/span>\u003Ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" onclick=\"()=>{console.log("click aaaaa=>>>")}\" href=\"https://baike.baidu.com/item/醋酸纤维素/9956780?fromModule=lemma_inlink\">\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">醋酸纤维素\u003C/span>\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">、芳香族\u003C/span>\u003Ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" onclick=\"()=>{console.log("click aaaaa=>>>")}\" href=\"https://baike.baidu.com/item/聚酰胺/0?fromModule=lemma_inlink\">\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">聚酰胺\u003C/span>\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">、聚醚砜、聚氟聚合物等。无机膜又分为陶瓷膜、碳膜和金属膜，其过滤精度较低，选择性较小。膜分离法技术具有操作条件温和、无相态变化、无化学反应、选择好、操作简单、能耗低，可循环使用等优点。\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">微滤膜一般指过滤孔径在0.1~10 μm之间的过滤膜。微滤膜的发展历史可以追溯到近百年前，‌自1907年Bechhold制得系列化多孔火棉胶膜问世开始，‌微滤膜技术已经经历了近一个世纪的发展。‌‌微滤膜的广泛应用始于二战之后，‌最初只有纤维素类膜。‌随着聚合物材料的开发、‌成膜机理的研究和制膜技术的进步，‌微滤膜的种类和性能得到了极大的扩展和提升。‌我国对微滤膜的研究始于70年代初，‌以混合纤维素膜片为主，‌随后相继开发成功多种类型的膜片，‌如醋酸纤维素（CA）、‌聚苯乙烯（PS）、‌聚丙烯腈（PAN）、‌聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）、‌Nylon等，‌并进一步开发出褶筒式滤芯和控制拉伸致孔的聚丙烯（PP）、聚乙烯（PE）‌和聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）膜等。‌此外，‌还开发了聚酯和聚碳酸酯的核径迹微孔膜，‌而且多通道无机微孔膜也实现了产业化。‌有机高分子微滤膜的制备最常用方法是浸沉淀相转化法、热致相分离法和熔融拉伸法。无机微滤膜的制备主要采用烧结法和浸出/分相法。烧结法是无机膜制备的主要方法，如陶瓷膜（Al2O3、ZrO2）的制备、浸出/分相法用于多孔玻璃膜的制备、核径迹-刻蚀法用于云母、玻璃膜的制备、阳极氧化法用于金属铝膜的制备。各种制膜方法均有其局限性。因而，几种方法有机结合的新型制膜工艺已被采用，如浸没沉淀相转化法与热致相分离法的结合（改进热致相分离法）、溶出法与相转化法的结合、溶出法与熔融拉伸法的结合。由于微滤膜可以截留气相或者液相里细菌、微粒、亚微粒以及胶团等不溶物，因此微滤技术大量用于生物制品、医药卫生、饮料等过滤灭菌等。\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">超滤是一种能够将溶液进行净化、分离或者浓缩的膜透过法分离技术。孔径介于微滤和纳滤之间，为1-50 nm，属于压力驱动膜分离技术。其基本原理是筛孔分离过程。超滤膜的早期研究与实验阶段可以追溯到1861年，‌当时德国科学家‌ Schmidt ‌首次公布了牛心胞薄膜截留可溶性阿拉伯胶的实验结果，‌这是关于超滤膜的最早实验。‌四年后，‌Traube ‌制成了世界上第一张人工超滤膜。1907年，Bechhold较为系统地研究了超滤膜，并首次采用“超滤”这一科技术语。之后1926年Membrane Filter GmbH开发商业化超滤膜。之后超滤膜蓬勃发展，1963年Michaels开发了不同孔径的不对称醋酸纤维素超滤膜。1966年美国Amicon开发出实验室用聚砜和聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜。1967年Amicon开发出第一根中空纤维膜。1969年Abcor建立了商业管式UF装置用于电泳漆回收。至20世纪70年代，超滤从实验规模的分离手段发展成为重要的工业分离单元操作技术。我国从20世纪70年代开始研究超滤技术，‌经过几十年的发展，‌已经逐渐赶上了国际先进水平。‌有机超滤膜制备方法通常由相转化法、拉伸法、烧结法、核径迹刻蚀法和复合膜等。超滤比微滤用途更广，除了可除去微粒、亚微粒和细粒物质，还可去除酶、病毒、某些有机物等更小粒径的物质，但它几乎不能截留无机离子。正因为微滤膜可以去除病毒的原因，近几年其在生物医药方面的应用愈发受人关注。\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 28px;\">纳滤（NF）是介于反渗透和超滤之间的一种以压力为驱动力的新型膜分离过程。通常纳滤的截留范围为相对分子质量200-1000，‌其发展相对较晚，‌可以追溯到20世纪70年代末，‌J. E. Cadotte的研究团队开始研究NS-300膜（当时被称作“低压反渗透膜”或“疏松反渗透膜”），这标志着纳滤膜研究的开始。1988年，Erikassnon等人首次明确提出“纳滤”的概念，纳滤膜才有了专有名称。‌随后，‌纳滤技术的发展迅速，于80年代中期‌膜组件商品化。‌纳滤膜大多从反渗透膜衍化而来，‌包括醋酸纤维素（CA）膜、‌三醋酸纤维素（CTA）膜、‌芳族聚酰胺复合膜和磺化聚醚砜膜等。‌纳滤技术的出现填补了超滤和反渗透之间的技术空白，‌成为世界膜分离领域研究的热点之一。‌我国的纳滤膜研究始于20世纪90年代，最早有关国内纳滤膜的报道是1995年。纳滤膜常见的制备方法为复合法、L-S相转化法、等离子处理、化学交联和聚合物接枝等。‌纳滤技术的应用范围广泛，‌包括医药、‌化工、水处理、‌冶金、‌石油等诸多领域，‌尤其是在给‌纯水制备、水处理、‌海水淡化、‌苦咸水淡化等领域得到了广泛的推广和应用。‌\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 32px;\">反渗透技术通常在高于溶液渗透压的压力作用下，只有溶液中的水透过膜，而所有溶液中大分子、小分子有机物及无机盐全被截留住。理想的反渗透膜应被认为是无孔的，它分离的基本原理是溶解扩散（也有毛细孔流学说）。“膜孔径”为1-10埃，采用压力为0.6～10 MPa。反渗透膜的发展历史可以追溯到20世纪60年代。1961年，美国公司首先提出了卷式膜组件的制造方法；1964年，美国研制出螺旋式反渗透组件；1965年，美国加利福尼亚大学制造出用于苦咸水淡化的管式反渗透装置；1979年，Filmtec公司申请了世界上第一个制备反渗透膜的专利。‌从20世纪60年代以来，反渗透技术日益受到人们的关注，反渗透膜开发有了重大突破，膜材料从初期单一的醋酸纤维素非对称膜发展到表面聚合技术制成的交联芳香族聚酰胺复合膜等新型材料与高效膜。至20世纪90年代末期，‌我国才开始掌握反渗透膜的生产技术。近30年来，‌反渗透（RO）、技术已广泛应用于纯水制备‌、苦咸水淡化、含油、‌脱脂废水、‌纤维工业废水、‌造纸工业废水、‌放射性废水等工业水处理、医药工业、半导体产业‌‌以及高层建筑废水等污水处理中。‌\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: 32px;\">膜分离技术作为一种新型的分离单元，当今倍受各界的关注，在众多领域中得到广泛的应用，尤其在生物制药、新能源、半导体等领域中更显示出其优越性。膜分离技术中的新型膜材料开发、成膜过程、分离机理、膜污染、膜分离技术与其它分离技术的联用等问题是目前的研究热点和难点，随着这些问题的解决，相信在不久的将来，膜分离技术在众多领域中将得到更广泛的应用。\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 32px;\">参考文献：\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan>[1]\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: normal;\"> \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>邓麦村, 金万琴. 膜技术应用手册（第二版）. 化学工业出版社: 2020.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan>[2]\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: normal;\"> \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>陈欢林, 张林, 吴礼光. 膜分离技术应用手册. 化学工业出版社: 2020.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan>[3]\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: normal;\"> \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>刘茉娥. 膜分离技术应用手册. 化学工业出版社: 2001.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan>[4]\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: normal;\"> \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>Guiver MD. Field grand challenge for membrane science and technology. Frontiers in Membrane Science and Technology. 2022 Mar 29; 1:878879.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan>[5]\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: normal;\"> \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>Jaafar J, Nasir AM. Grand challenge in membrane fabrication: membrane science and technology. Frontiers in Membrane Science and Technology. 2022 Apr 13; 1:883913.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan>[6]\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: normal;\"> \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>Mulder M. Basic principles of membrane technology. Springer science & business media; 2012.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan>[7]\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: normal;\"> \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>Hoek EM, Tarabara VV, editors. Encyclopedia of membrane science and technology. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley; 2013.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u003Cspan>[8]\u003C/span>\u003Cspan style=\"line-height: normal;\"> \u003C/span>\u003Cspan>Drioli E, Barbieri G, editors. Membrane engineering for the treatment of gases: volume 1: Gas-separation problems with membranes. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2011.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>","https://cdn.biocaftea.com/dnweb/a3ba9d98dea760d3603cd46efab9ff73.png",1767497236,"膜科学与技术发展简史",110,{"id":218,"slug":219,"title":220},113,"bi-tu-sheng-wu-yuan-man-wan-cheng-a-lun-rong-zi","碧途生物圆满完成A轮融资",{"id":222,"slug":223,"title":224},109,"pin-pai-logo-bei-hou-de-she-ji-chu-zhong","品牌Logo背后的设计初衷",[222,226],82,[228,236],{"cover":229,"createTime":230,"description":231,"id":226,"relatedNews":232,"slug":233,"sort":23,"status":43,"title":234,"type":25,"updateTime":235},"https://cdn.biocaftea.com/dnweb/e5b7b85a55e0a1ae4b9711e2fb918482.png",1765976946,"勇往职前，共创未来 | 碧途生物BD团队招聘进行中",[226,222],"yong-wang-zhi-qian-gong-chuang-wei-lai","勇往职前，共创未来",1767943453,{"cover":237,"createTime":238,"description":239,"id":222,"relatedNews":240,"slug":223,"sort":23,"status":43,"title":224,"type":25,"updateTime":241},"https://cdn.biocaftea.com/dnweb/264f2727c3e8328c4d402357ac0060e6.png",1767497213,"解码碧途 | 品牌Logo背后的设计初衷",[226,218,222],1767943444,"mo-ke-xue-yu-ji-shu-fa-zhan-jian-shi",1767943470,1789897342709]